Localized Electron Model
- Lewis Structure
- Formal Charge
- VSEPR
Exceed Octet Rule: third-period and beyond with d orbitals.
Formal Charge Cases: \(SO_4^{2-}\), \(S_2O_3^{2-}\), \(S_2O_8^{2-}\) ...
Molecular Orbital (MO)
- Derived from Wave-Functions of Quantom Mechanics
- LCAO - Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals
Sigma(\(\sigma\)) Orbital and Hydrogen
bonding molecular orbital - probonding
$$\sigma_{1s} = 1_{S_a} + 1_{S_b}$$
antibonding molecular orbital - antibonding
$$\sigma_{1s}^* = 1_{S_a} - 1_{S_b}$$
From the probability density point of view,
$$P \propto (\sigma_{1s}^*)^2 = (1_{S_a} - 1_{S_b})^2 = (1_{S_a})^2 + (1_{S_b})^2 - 2(1_{S_a})(1_{S_a})$$
Bond Order
$$Bond Order = \frac{bonding electrons - antibonding electrons}{2}$$
Counting number of \(\sigma\) and \(\pi\) bonds by +0.5 every bonding electron and -0.5 every antibonding electron.
S-P Mixing
\(\pi_{2p} < \sigma_{2p}\) for \(B_2\), \(C_2\) and \(N_2\), crosses over at \(O_2\) and \(F_2\)
Poly-Nuclear
打個小註記：Zumdahl系列的Chemical Principles內容最豐富，General Chemistry這本錯誤有點多，另外MIT是用Atkins...
References
S. Zumdal, S. Zumdahl and H. Hsu. 2015. General Chemistry. Cengage Learning Asia
蔡蘊明 基礎普通化學 NTU OCW
Catherine Drennan and Elizabeth Vogel Taylor. Principles of Chemical Science MIT OCW
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化學鍵 NTU OCW